2024 Updated Verified Pass ECP-206 Exam - Real Questions and Answers
Dumps Moneyack Guarantee - ECP-206 Dumps Approved Dumps
NEW QUESTION # 12
Which two features does IPsec provide? (Choose two.)
- A. protecting packets from modification
- B. protecting the length of packets from discovery
- C. hiding the content of packets from observation
- D. controlling the path through the network
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
IPsec provides two main features: protecting packets from modification and hiding the content of packets from observation. IPsec protects packets from modification by using cryptographic algorithms to generate and verify message authentication codes (MACs) or digital signatures for each packet. These mechanisms ensure that the packets have not been tampered with or altered in transit by unauthorized parties. IPsec hides the content of packets from observation by using encryption algorithms to scramble the payload of each packet. This prevents eavesdroppers or interceptors from reading or analyzing the data carried by the packets12.
References: What is IPsec? | How IPsec VPNs work | Cloudflare, IPsec - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 13
Regarding the BGP decision algorithm, which two statements are correct? (Choose two.)
- A. A higher local-preference attribute will be favored over a lower local-preference attribute.
- B. The most important criteria is the administrative distance.
- C. A lower local-preference attribute will be favored over a higher local-preference attribute.
- D. A path cannot be considered if the next-hop is inaccessible.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Regarding the BGP decision algorithm, two statements that are correct are:
A higher local-preference attribute will be favored over a lower local-preference attribute. The local-preference attribute is used by BGP routers within an AS to indicate their preference for an exit point from the AS. A higher value means a more preferred path. The local-preference attribute is exchanged only between iBGP peers and does not leave the AS boundary89.
A path cannot be considered if the next-hop is inaccessible. The next-hop attribute is used by BGP routers to determine where to forward packets for a given destination prefix. The next-hop attribute is usually set to the IP address of the eBGP neighbor that advertises the prefix. If there is no IGP route to reach the next-hop address, the path is marked as invalid and ignored by BGP1011.
The other two statements are incorrect because:
The most important criteria is not the administrative distance, but rather the weight attribute. The administrative distance is used by routers to choose between routes from different routing protocols, not within BGP. The weight attribute is a Cisco-specific attribute that is used by BGP routers to prefer one path over another within the same router. The weight attribute is local to the router and not advertised to any peers1213.
A lower local-preference attribute will not be favored over a higher local-preference attribute, as explained above.
References: BGP Best Path Selection Algorithm - Cisco, Understanding BGP Local Preference Attribute - NetworkLessons.com, BGP Next Hop Attribute Explained - NetworkLessons.com, BGP Next Hop Processing
- Cisco Press, BGP Weight Attribute Explained - NetworkLessons.com, Understanding BGP Weight Attribute
- Cisco Community
NEW QUESTION # 14
What does an LDP implicit null label cause?
- A. penultimate hop popping by a downstream router
- B. swapping with a new label
- C. penultimate hop popping by an upstream router
- D. forwarding the packet unchanged
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
An LDP implicit null label causes penultimate hop popping by a downstream router. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. An implicit null label is a special label value of 3 that indicates that the downstream router does not need a label to forward the packet to its destination. When an upstream router receives an implicit null label from a downstream router, it removes (or pops) the label from the packet before sending it to the downstream router. This process is called penultimate hop popping (PHP) and it reduces the load on the downstream router, which can forward the packet based on its IP header or another label in the stack59.
References: MPLS Label Distribution Protocol Commands - Cisco, Solved: Implicit null and Explicit null - Cisco Community
NEW QUESTION # 15
What is the correct ordering (outer to inner) of packet headers in an IP/MPLS packet?
- A. MPLS, IP, Ethernet
- B. IP, MPLS, Ethernet
- C. Ethernet, MPLS, IP
- D. Ethernet, IP, MPLS
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The correct ordering (outer to inner) of packet headers in an IP/MPLS packet is Ethernet, MPLS, IP. An IP/MPLS packet is a packet that is encapsulated with an MPLS label stack between the Ethernet header and the IP header. The Ethernet header contains the source and destination MAC addresses and the EtherType field that indicates the type of the payload. The MPLS label stack contains one or more labels that are used for forwarding decisions by the MPLS routers. Each label consists of four fields: label value, experimental bits, bottom of stack, and time to live. The IP header contains the source and destination IP addresses and other information for routing and fragmentation. The order of the headers is important because it determines how the packet is processed by different devices in the network12.
References: MPLS Label Stack - Cisco, MPLS Fundamentals: 3 - MPLS Packet Forwarding
NEW QUESTION # 16
Which two statements are true about priority queuing (PQ)? (Choose two.)
- A. Traffic in lower priority queues can be starved of bandwidth.
- B. Traffic in the highest priority queue is only reserved for voice traffic.
- C. Traffic in the highest priority queue will experience the least amount of jitter and delay compared to traffic in the other queues.
- D. Traffic in all queues are always guaranteed a minimum bandwidth.
Answer: A,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Priority queuing (PQ) is a queuing method that establishes four interface output queues that serve different priority levels: high, medium, normal, and low. Traffic in the highest priority queue will experience the least amount of jitter and delay compared to traffic in the other queues, because PQ always services the higher-priority queues first. However, this can also cause traffic in lower priority queues to be starved of bandwidth, especially if the highest priority queue is oversubscribed. Traffic in the highest priority queue is not only reserved for voice traffic, but can also include network control and routing traffic. Traffic in all queues are not always guaranteed a minimum bandwidth, because PQ does not provide any bandwidth reservation mechanism. References: Quality of Service (QoS) Queues and Queuing Explained, Chapter:
Configuring Priority Queueing - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 17
Which two statements are correct for LDP? (Choose two.)
- A. LSRs send UDP hello messages for neighbor discovery.
- B. LSRs use UDP for session establishment.
- C. LSRs send ICMP hello messages for neighbor discovery
- D. LSRs use TCP to negotiate LDP session parameters.
Answer: A,D
Explanation:
Explanation
Two statements that are correct for LDP are:
LSRs send UDP hello messages for neighbor discovery. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels for MPLS forwarding along the shortest path calculated by an IGP. LDP uses two types of messages:
discovery messages and session messages. Discovery messages are used to discover and maintain adjacency with other LSRs that support LDP. Discovery messages are sent as UDP datagrams to the well-known multicast address 224.0.0.2 (all routers on this subnet) on port 64634.
LSRs use TCP to negotiate LDP session parameters. Session messages are used to establish, maintain, and terminate LDP sessions between LSRs. Session messages are also used to exchange label mappings, notification messages, and keepalive messages. Session messages are sent as TCP segments to port
64634.
References: Ldp | Microsoft Learn, Label Distribution Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 18
What is the maximum number of unique VLAN IDs available?
- A. 0
- B. 1
- C. 2
- D. 3
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The maximum number of unique VLAN IDs available is 4096. A VLAN ID is a 12-bit identifier that can range from 0 to 4095. However, VLAN ID 0 is reserved for tagging the priority of frames and VLAN ID 4095 is reserved for implementation use, so only VLAN IDs from 1 to 4094 are available for user configuration78.
VLAN IDs are used to identify different broadcast domains or subnets on a Layer 2 network. VLAN IDs are carried in the IEEE 802.1Q tag in the Ethernet frame header.
References: What is a virtual LAN (VLAN) and how does it work with my managed switch? - NETGEAR Support, Virtual LANs (VLANs) - Cisco
NEW QUESTION # 19
Which statement is true about LDP?
- A. LDP performs routing functions along with IGP.
- B. LDP relies on IGP for all routing-related decisions.
- C. LDP and IGP both exchange their databases every 30 seconds.
- D. LDP and IGP both exchange their databases every 60 seconds.
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
LDP relies on IGP for all routing-related decisions. LDP is a protocol that distributes labels in an MPLS environment, but it does not perform any routing functions. LDP uses the underlying routing information provided by an IGP, such as OSPF or IS-IS, to forward label packets. LDP and IGP do not exchange their databases at regular intervals, but rather use hello messages to maintain adjacencies and sessions. References: Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols, Label Distribution Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 20
Which two statements are true about route summarization? (Choose two.)
- A. It summaries the routing table entries into a default route
- B. It reduces the size of a routing table.
- C. It reduces signaling.
- D. It improves the best route calculation.
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Route summarization is a technique that reduces the number of routes that a router advertises to its neighbors by creating a single summary route that covers multiple subnets or networks. Route summarization has several benefits, such as:
It reduces the size of a routing table, which saves memory and CPU resources on the router. A smaller routing table also improves the lookup efficiency and convergence time of the routing protocol.
It reduces signaling, which means that less bandwidth is consumed by routing updates and less processing is required by neighboring routers. This also enhances the stability and scalability of the network, as fewer routing changes are propagated.
It improves route aggregation, which means that more specific routes are replaced by a less specific route that can be advertised to other autonomous systems or routing domains. This simplifies the inter-domain routing and hides the internal topology details.
Route summarization does not necessarily summarize the routing table entries into a default route, although a default route can be considered a special case of route summarization where all destinations are covered by one route. Route summarization also does not improve the best route calculation, as it may introduce suboptimal routing or black holes if not done properly. : Introduction to Route Summarization - NetworkLessons.com, Route Summarization > Example for Understanding Route Summarization - Cisco Press
NEW QUESTION # 21
What is used for Ethernet loop avoidance?
- A. Time-to-Live (TTL)
- B. Poison-Reverse
- C. Spanning-Tree
- D. Split-Horizon
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Spanning-Tree is used for Ethernet loop avoidance. Spanning-Tree is a protocol that prevents loops in Ethernet networks by creating a logical tree topology of the network switches. Spanning-Tree blocks some of the redundant links between switches to ensure that there is only one active path between any two nodes in thenetwork. Spanning-Tree also detects and recovers from link failures by activating alternative paths when needed56.
References: Network loops and loop avoidance - Medium, Spanning Tree Protocol - Wikipedia
NEW QUESTION # 22
Which protocol would be used to bundle multiple Ethernet ports into a virtual link with an aggregated bandwidth?
- A. LACP
- B. ERP
- C. RSTP
- D. VRRP
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The protocol that would be used to bundle multiple Ethernet ports into a virtual link with an aggregated bandwidth is LACP, which stands for Link Aggregation Control Protocol. LACP is a protocol that allows two or more devices to negotiate the formation of a link aggregation group (LAG), also known as an EtherChannel or a port channel. A LAG combines multiple physical links into one logical link that provides increased bandwidth, load balancing, and redundancy. LACP is defined in IEEE 802.3ad and 802.1AX standards12.
References: Link Aggregation Control Protocol - Wikipedia, What is "link aggregation" and how does it benefit your network? | PC Gamer
NEW QUESTION # 23
What is a reason for using VLANs in an IP network?
- A. to isolate hosts across multiple IP subnets
- B. to enable MAC address learning on a router port
- C. to implement virtual routing
- D. to isolate hosts within the same IP subnet
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A reason for using VLANs in an IP network is to isolate hosts within the same IP subnet. VLANs (Virtual LANs) are logical grouping of devices in the same broadcast domain. VLANs are usually configured on switches by placing some interfaces into one broadcast domain and some interfaces into another. Each VLAN acts as a subgroup of the switch ports in an Ethernet LAN. VLANs allow network administrators to group hosts together even if the hosts are not directly connected to the same network switch. By using VLANs, hosts within the same IP subnet can be separated into different broadcast domains, which enhances security, reduces network congestion, and simplifies network management78.
References: 8 Different Types of VLANs in TCP/IP Networks, What is a VLAN? - Study-CCNA
NEW QUESTION # 24
What is the subnet address for 10.57.126.156/29?
- A. 10.57.126.0
- B. 10.57.126.144
- C. 10.57.126.152
- D. 10.57.126.156
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The subnet address for 10.57.126.156/29 is 10.57.126.152. To find the subnet address, we need to perform a bitwise AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask. The subnet mask for /29 is
255.255.255.248, which in binary is 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111000. The IP address in binary is
00001010.00111001.01111110.10011100. The result of the AND operation is
00001010.00111001.01111110.10011000, which in decimal is10.57.126.152. References: Ericsson IP Networking - IP Addressing, Software Installation and Upgrade Overview (Junos OS)
NEW QUESTION # 25
In an Ethernet frame carrying a VLAN tag, where does the VLAN tag appear?
- A. before the type field
- B. after the type field
- C. after the length field
- D. before the length field
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
In an Ethernet frame carrying a VLAN tag, the VLAN tag appears before the type field. A VLAN tag is a
4-byte field that is inserted into an Ethernet frame to indicate the VLAN membership and priority of the frame.
The VLAN tag consists of two subfields: the tag protocol identifier (TPID) and the tag control information (TCI). The TPID subfield is a 16-bit field that identifies the frame as an IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame, with a value of 0x8100. The TCI subfield is a 16-bit field that contains the priority code point (PCP), the drop eligible indicator (DEI), and the VLAN identifier (VID). The VLAN tag appears between the source MAC address and the type fields of the original frame, shifting the type field by four bytes. The type field indicates the type of the payload, such as IP or ARP .
References: [IEEE 802.1Q - Wikipedia], [VLAN Tagging Explained with DTP Protocol - GeeksforGeeks]
NEW QUESTION # 26
Which mismatched field would cause an IS-IS adjacency between two routers to fail?
- A. Context
- B. SEL
- C. SysID
- D. MTU
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
MTU mismatch would cause an IS-IS adjacency between two routers to fail. MTU stands for maximum transmission unit, which is the maximum size of a packet that can be transmitted on a link. IS-IS hellos are padded to the full MTU size, partly to allow a router to implicitly communicate its MTU to its neighbors. If two routers have different MTUs on their interfaces, they will not be able to exchange hellos properly, and their adjacency will not form or will be dropped34. To solve this problem, the MTUs on both interfaces must be configured to match.
SEL, context, and SysID are not fields that would cause an IS-IS adjacency failure. SEL stands for selector, which is a one-octet field that identifies the network layer service to which a packet should be sent. For IS-IS routers, the SEL must always be 005. Context is not a field in IS-IS packets, but rather a term used to describe the scope of routing information in different levels or areas6. SysID stands for system identifier, which is a six-octet field that uniquely identifies a router within an area. SysID does not have to match between two routers for them to form an adjacency7.
References: MTU Mismatch Problem in IS-IS - Cisco, IS-IS adjacency is not formed due to MTU mismatch - Cisco Community, IS-IS NSAP address - Cisco Community, Understanding IS-IS Routing Contexts - Juniper Networks, IS-IS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 27
Which two statements are true about link-state routing protocols? (Choose two.)
- A. A distance vector algorithm is very processor intensive compared to Dijkstra's algorithm.
- B. The advertisement exchange is mainly triggered by a change in the network.
- C. Each router uses a reliable update mechanism to exchange topology information with its neighbors.
C Link-state routing protocols mainly use hop-counts to determine the link cost
Answer: B,C
Explanation:
Explanation
Link-state routing protocols are one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer communications, the other being distance-vector routing protocols. Examples of link-state routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). The basic concept of link-state routing is that every node constructs a map of the connectivity to the network, in the form of a graph, showing which nodes are connected to which other nodes. Each node then independently calculates the next best logical path from it to every possible destination in the network.
Each collection of best paths will then form each node's routing table.
Two statements that are true about link-state routing protocols are:
The advertisement exchange is mainly triggered by a change in the network. Link-state routing protocols use a flooding mechanism to distribute information about the network topology to all routers in the same area or domain. This information is encapsulated in link-state packets (LSPs) or link-state advertisements (LSAs), which contain information about the router, its directly connected links, and the state of those links. LSPs or LSAs are sent only when there is a change in the topology, such as a link failure or recovery, or when a periodic refresh timer expires. This way, link-state routing protocols can quickly adapt to network changes and maintain an accurate and consistent view of the network.
Each router uses a reliable update mechanism to exchange topology information with its neighbors.
Link-state routing protocols use a reliable update mechanism to ensure that all routers receive and acknowledge the LSPs or LSAs sent by their neighbors. This mechanism involves sending hello messages to establish and maintain adjacencies with neighbors, sending acknowledgment messages to confirm the receipt of LSPs or LSAs, and requesting missing or outdated LSPs or LSAs from neighbors.
This mechanism ensures that all routers have a synchronized database of LSPs or LSAs, which is used to build a complete network connectivity map and to calculate the shortest path to destinations.
References: Link-state routing protocol - Wikipedia, Ericsson IP Networking - Routing Protocols
NEW QUESTION # 28
......
Updated PDF (New 2024) Actual Ericsson ECP-206 Exam Questions: https://freetorrent.itpass4sure.com/ECP-206-practice-exam.html
